Chondroitin synthase

Related Reading

Chondroitin sulfate

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan that plays a key role in tissue development and morphogenesis, and also contributes to tumor formation and development. The biosynthesis of CS is accomplished through a variety of enzymes acting in conjunction, named glycosyltransferases and sulfotransferases. The specific glycosyltransferases contributing to the elongation of chondroitin have been characterized: three, CHSY1, CHSY2 and CHSY3, possess dual (glucuronyltransferase and galactosaminyltransferase) enzymatic activities, while the other two, CSGlcA-T and CSGalNAc-T2, act only by transferring glucuronic acid or N-acetylogalactosamine, respectively.

Chondroitinase

Chondroitinase is widely present in human and animal cartilage tissues. Its medicinal preparation mainly contains two isomers, chondroitin sulfate A and chondroitin sulfate C. The content of chondroitin sulfate in cartilage of different species and ages of animals varies.

Chondroitin synthase

CS biosynthesis is initiated by transfer of GalNAc to the linkage region of a GlcAβ1–3Galβ1–3Galβ1–4Xyl tetrasaccharide primer that is attached to a serine residue of a core protein. Then chain polymerization takes place by the alternative addition of GalNAc and GlcUA residues. The enzymatic activities that catalyze CS initiation and polymerization processes are designated glycosyltransferase-I and -II activities, respectively. To date six glycosyltransferases for chondroitin synthesis have been identified: chondroitin sulfate synthase-1 (CSS1)/chondroitin synthase-1 (ChSy-1), chondroitin sulfate synthase-2 (CSS2)/chondroitin polymerizing factor (ChPF), chondroitin sulfate synthase-3 (CSS3)/chondroitin synthase-2 (ChSy-2), chondroitin sulfate glucuronyltransferase/chondroitin synthase-3 (ChSy-3), and chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 and -2.

Functions

• Adjustment of the body's function - present as collagen fibers together with elastic fibers - has the function of adjusting the body's weave and organs at all levels. Once there is a lack of mucopolysaccharide or collagen, the cells cannot function in a normal state and the body starts to be damaged from this part.
• Micronutrient retention - calcium, potassium, magnesium, and sodium ions have a special affinity for mucopolysaccharides. It is known from before that mucopolysaccharide has an important role for the movement or regulation of these solubles. In addition, there is also a close relationship with the function of brain.
• Involved in the manufacture of bones - Bones are made from calcium and phosphorus. Chondroitin sulfate plays an important role in transporting materials or supporting materials to form bones during bone formation.
• Early wound healing - When the body is injured, chondroitin sulfate plays an important role in the repair of wounds. The reason for long flesh to heal wounds is that chondroitin sulfate promotes the formation of granulation and, in recent years, also uses mucopolysaccharides from animals to prevent adhesion after surgery.
• Purifies blood and prevents clotting - has the function of purifying blood and, at the same time, also has the function of preventing blood clotting. This function, is widely used in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.