A highly potent and selective inhibitor of vacuolar H⁺-ATPases (V-ATPases) in vitro. It is effective in nanomolar concentrations in animal cells, plant cells and microorganisms; also selective over other ATP hydrolyzing enzymes such as F-ATPases, Ca²⁺ATPases, Na⁺K⁺ATPases and plasma membrane H⁺-ATPases. Also prevents autophagy at a late stage by inhibiting fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes.
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