In order to adapt to various needs, and taking into account economic and application effects, enzyme preparations are often supplied in four formulations.
Liquid Enzyme Preparation
The liquid enzyme preparation includes a dilute enzyme solution and a concentrated enzyme solution, and is usually directly prepared or concentrated without removing impurities. Liquid enzyme preparations are economical, but unstable, and complex in composition, and are only suitable for direct application in certain industrial sectors such as the textile industry.
Solid Enzyme Preparation
Some solid enzyme preparations are prepared by directly concentrating the fermentation broth after sterilization, and some are prepared by spray drying the fermentation broth, and some are filled with starch and the like. These preparations are mostly used for softening and depilating of leather, hydrolysis of cellulose and the like. Some of these preparations are also prepared by removing impurities from the fermentation broth, such as enzyme preparations for the production of detergents, pharmaceuticals, and the like. Formulations used to process or produce a product must remove the interfering enzymes that interfere with it. For example, polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) is commonly used to synthesize various polynucleotides (Poly l, Poly c, etc.). If the nuclease or phosphatase is still contained in the enzyme preparation, the synthesis of the polynucleotide chain is disrupted and the quality of the product is affected. The solid crude enzyme preparation is convenient for transportation and short-term storage, and the cost is not high.
Pure Enzyme Preparation
Pure enzyme preparations, including crystallization enzymes, are commonly used as analytical reagents or as medical drugs, requiring high purity. When a pure enzyme preparation is used as an analysis tool enzyme, in addition to the requirement that no hybrid enzyme is present, it is required that the enzyme activity per unit weight of the enzyme preparation reaches a certain amount. The tool enzyme used for genetic engineering requires no non-specific nucleases or no nucleases at all. Enzymes that are the subject of protein structural analysis must be “absolutely” pure, while medical enzymes for injection should seek to remove the heat source.
The heat source is a kind of toxoid secreted by the bacteria after the bacteria is infected, and the preparation with such substances can cause the body temperature to rise after being injected. The heat source material belongs to glycoprotein, and the relative molecular mass is more than 100,000, and there are small differences due to different bacterial sources. The heat source material is quite stable to heat, and often needs to pass a long time high temperature action, for example, after 18°C-22°C, two hours or more of treatment, the heat source material will decompose. The heat source material is also very acid resistant, but it will gradually break down in the base, for example, pH>10, 48h. The heat source material is very sensitive to the oxidant and can be removed in freshly prepared lotion for one hour. In addition to the above methods, in order to solve the heat source problem, the following measures can also be taken:
- For example, an anion exchanger such as DEAE cellulose, calcium phosphate, alumina gel or the like can be used to adsorb and remove such substances, and activated carbon can also be used, but its specificity is not high.
- Affinity separation. For example, a heat source antibody has been isolated and made into an affinity adsorbent to specifically remove the heat source material, and it can also be adsorbed and removed by an affinity column made of lectin.
- The heat source material has the characteristics of an organic solvent, so the product obtained by the organic solvent purification has a higher proportion of the heat source material, and the product purified by the salting out method is less.
Immobilized Enzyme Preparation
The immobilized enzyme preparation is a preparation that is advantageous for preservation and application. Immobilized enzyme is an enzyme preparation prepared by physically or chemically immobilizing an enzyme on a water-insoluble or water-soluble carrier. The earliest immobilized enzymes were reported in 1953, but it was not until the late 1960s that the development of immobilization technology was rapidly developed. In 1969, immobilized amino acid acylase was officially used in industrial production. The emergence of immobilized enzymes has opened up a broad prospect for the application of enzyme preparations in industrial and agricultural production and pharmaceutical practice.
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